Knowlegde Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Knowlegde Management - Essay Example Nonetheless, there are a few widespread speculations, which have clarified information in two kinds, viz. unequivocal and certain information. Express information is increased through understanding and verifiable information is increased through abilities and skill of a person. Also, Knowledge Management (KM) can be resolved as a huge angle according to the creation and the executives of information. In an authoritative setting, KM can be characterized as the way toward gathering, overseeing and sharing the information on different workers in an association that may help it in improving its business movement alongside making more adequacy in its general working by building better coordination in the midst of various divisions of the association (Bhojaraju, 2005). Correspondingly, this paper plans to give a short clarification of information and information the board featuring the separation enduring among KM and Information Management (IM). The paper likewise portrays the achievement factors required in estimating KM alongside the viewpoints bringing about disappointment of KM inside any authoritative condition. In a hierarchical setting, KM is viewed as a precise methodology of social event, improving, sharing and utilizing information adequately with a desire that it will assist the association with innovating its business action. Then again, IM is alluded to the way toward social affair and overseeing data acquired from more than one source and appropriating it to the workers of an association so as to guarantee that the data being utilized by the association will bring about improving and ad libbing the business procedure of an association. In this way, through these elaborations it very well may be comprehended that there is a huge distinction among KM and IM, wherein both these kinds of the board is very significant for an association. Correspondingly, it tends to be comprehended that the distinction among KM and

Environmental scanning Essay

Universal Players Concrete and Lafarge Birla Cement, the Indian concrete industry is extensively home-developed. Ultratech Cement, the country’s biggest firm as far as concrete limit, holds around 22% of the household advertise, with ACC (half possessed by Holcim) and Ambuja (half claimed by Holcim) having 15% and 13% offers separately. †¢Many of the staying dozen top players are Indian and are (arranged by decreasing piece of the overall industry); Jaiprakash Associates (10%), The India Cements Ltd (7%), Shree Cements (6%), Century Textiles and Industries (5%), Madras Cements (5%), Lafarge (5%), Birla Cement (4%) and Binani Cement (4%). †¢ Between them the best 12 concrete firms have around 70% of the residential market. Around 100 littler players produce and pound concrete on a wide scope of scales yet are frequently limited to little zones Financial Environment’s Impactâ on Cement Industry †¢ Currently, the industry is on the blast, with a great deal of government framework and lodging ventures under development. Notwithstanding observing a fall during 2008-09, the fare portion of the business is required to develop again because of different framework extends that are being taken up everywhere throughout the world and various remarkable concrete plants coming up in not so distant future in the nation. †¢ Over time increasingly complex and refined philosophies regarding longer time arrangement were utilized to consider efficiency change. The commitment of absolute factor efficiency to outputâ growth was of essential enthusiasm to clarify the constantly low monetary turn of events. †¢ During that time, work efficiency just as capital accessibility and utilize expanded extensively, while the general development pace of the economy deteriorated at low levels †¢ Concerned about the effectiveness of asset use scientists began examining efficiency development and info factor replacements for total assembling just as different ventures Ambuja Cement’s ECONOMIC CONDITION †¢ Its fiscal reports i.e monetary record and benefit and misfortune, benefits are expanding each year and its offer cost is likewise high when contrasted with other concrete businesses and its advantages are alsoâ increased. It implies that its money related position is solid when contrasted with others. †¢ From here we can examine that its benefits are expanding step by step and it implies that they are giving more to GPI,with this our NPI will likewise be increment and generally speaking situation of nation will be better. †¢ From here we can break down that on the off chance that industry position is solid, at that point our country’s position will likewise be solid. †¢ It implies it is valuable for the individuals and nation. Social Environment’s impactâ on industry †¢ Usually, the concrete business in India comprises of both the sorted out area and the disorderly part. †¢ Organized division includes the notable concrete assembling organizations while the primary players of the disorderly segment are the provincial and nearby concrete delivering units in different states over the state. †¢ Indian purchasers favor purchasing marked concrete like ULTRATECH, JAYPEE CEMENT, LAFARGE CEMENT and so on. †¢ It has been found previously, too, that smaller than normal concrete plants with lowâ brand worth and picture can't get by against the concrete goliaths. †¢ With a populace of in excess of 100 billion individuals, it is normal that concrete industry will make another 25 lakhs occupations in the following 4-5 years. Ambuja Cements’ Social Impact †¢ This specific organization is very surprising from. On this case they truly helped by doing part of social work like they putt off different wellbeing places for the destitute individuals and give Monetary assistance likewise to some explanation. †¢ They additionally helped by giving instruction offices to destitute individuals like books and so forth. †¢ Not just this they are likewise giving acceptable quality items that doesn’t hurt any sort of wounds to the individuals while they are utilizing it. †¢ The Company endeavors to give a protected and sound workplace for its representatives and to evade unfavorable effect and injury to the earth and networks in which the organization leads its business. The dedication is reflected in the quantity of grants the Company has gotten including National Award for extraordinary contamination control. †¢ The mindfulness and preparing program on wellbeing and security related issues ought to be led normally. All the representatives, and executives will conform to every relevant law and guidelines identifying with wellbeing and security to guarantee sound and safe workplace. Utilizing or being affected by illicit medications and liquor at work is totally disallowed. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Influencing THE INDUSTRY †¢ The cost of concrete is essentially constrained by the coal rates, power taxes, railroad taxes, cargo, eminence and cess on limestone. Strikingly, government controls these costs. †¢ Government is likewise probably the greatest buyer of the concrete in the nation. †¢ Govt. of India intends to expand its interest in foundation to US $ 1 trillion in the TwelfthFive Year Plan (2012-17) will prompt increment in the interest of concrete. †¢ Infrastructure tasks, for example, the devoted cargo passageways, updated new air terminals and ports are relied upon to improve the scale ofâ economic action, prompting a considerable increment in concrete interest moreover. †¢ Most state governments, so as to draw in interests in their individual states, offer Fiscal motivations as deals charge exceptions/deferrals. States like Haryana offer a stop on power levy for a long time, while Gujarat offers exclusion from electric obligation. †¢ Strict law and request conditions and political will of the pioneer of any state upgrade theconfidence of individuals living in the states just as corporate to put resources into that specific state. †¢ The absolute Government collects and expenses , which remember Royalty for Limestone, Royalty on Coal,Electricity Duty, VAT/Sales Tax etc.,on concrete establish about 60% or a greater amount of the exfactoryprice of concrete. World of politics for Ambuja Cements Its political natural is entirely unexpected from others since they never put any sort of political focus on some other whether it is against or in favor for them. They generally attempt to adhere to the best possible guidelines and guidelines that are made by the focal government. †¢ But still they need to change their systems according to change in the world of politics. †¢ This approach applies exclusively to the Company and isn't proposed to debilitate or keep singular Director or Employee from making political commitments or taking part in political exercises for their own benefit. †¢ No close to home political commitment is repaid by the Company. No close to home political exercises ought to meddle with obligations to be released with the Company in accordance with this Code of Conduct. Lawful ENVIRONMENT †¢ Ambuja concretes is most perceived unit in India and they generally they are adhering to appropriate standards and guidelines that are made by focal government and furthermore follows that are referenced in the Company’s ACT 1947 with respect to Safety, Health and Social needs. †¢ They should Endeavor to stay up to date with the improvements parents in law and guidelines and agree to the equivalent. On the off chance that any one becomes acquainted with of any resistance of any of the laws in their partners territory of activity in the organization the equivalent is brought to his/her quick notification also to the notification of his/her Head of the Department. †¢ All Directors and Employees of the Company lead business undertakings with trustworthiness and respectability and in full consistence with every single pertinent law, rules and guidelines and will not submit any unlawful or deceptive act or teach others to do as such, in any capacity whatsoever. Innovative Factors influencing the Cement Industry †¢ From mining to creation the whole procedure relies upon innovation. †¢ The Government of India intends to examine and perhaps get new innovations from the concrete business of Japan. †¢ The legislature is talking about innovation move in the field of vitality preservation and condition assurance to help improve effectiveness of the Indian concrete industry. †¢ At present 93% of the complete limit in the business depends on current and condition cordial dry procedure innovation. †¢ There is gigantic extension for squander heat recuperation in concrete plants and accordingly decrease in emanation level. †¢ One anticipate for co-age of intensity using waste warmth in an Indian concrete plant is being actualized with Japanese help under Green Aid Plan. †¢ The acceptance of trend setting innovation has helped the business tremendously to monitor vitality and fuel and to spare materials significantly. †¢ Also, some concrete plants have set up devoted piers for advancing mass transportation and fare. Mechanical condition for Ambuja Concretes Ltd. †¢ It is one of the most significant factor as looked at toâ others. In this specific we will talk about thatâ what kind of innovation they are utilizing and how muchâ beneficial for them just as for the individuals who areâ using this specific item. †¢ Ambuja concretes industry is having acceptable qualityâ machines to make their items and furthermore they are usingâ latest innovation machines. What's more, their innovation is veryâ effective that is executed and they additionally implantedâ modern innovation like Inventory Control framework and so forth Universal Factors influencing Cement Industry †¢ With the fast development pace of the Indian economy after the 1990s, the infrastructural improvements inside the nation has been colossal. †¢ The expansion in the development exercises has prompted the increment in the interest for refreshed quality structure materials and other associated items. â

Riot Roundup The Best Books We Read in April 2018

Riot Roundup The Best Books We Read in April 2018 We asked our contributors to share the best book they read last month. We’ve got fiction, nonfiction, YA, and much, much moreâ€"there are book recommendations for everyone here! Some are old, some are new, and some aren’t even out yet. Enjoy and tell us about the highlight of your reading month in the comments. Air Traffic: A Memoir of Ambition and Manhood in America by Gregory Pardlo I am ashamed to admit that, not having read much poetry, I had never heard of Gregory Pardlo (who won a Pulitzer Prize for one of his books of poetry), but I am so glad I had the opportunity to read his memoir. It’s Pardlo’s story of growing up with his brilliant father, an air traffic controller, and how the loss of his father’s job in the strikes of 1981 not only changed his father but changed their family’s situation financially and emotionally. It’s about his father’s decline, how he came to see Pardlo as a kind of competition, Pardlo’s own dependency on alcohol, and how he came home after so many years of running from his family and rebuilt his life and relationships. It is a tremendous, smart memoir, full of sadness and joy, like life itself. â€"Liberty Hardy Aru Shah and the End of Time by Roshani Chokshi (Rick Riordan Presents) This book is one of the ones that, to me, proves that middle grade books are the pinnacle of storytelling. Aru is a twelve year old girl, living with her mom at the  Museum of Ancient Indian Art and Culture, who has a habit of over-embellishing her stories. When she lights the lamp that frees the Sleeper, whose mission is to wake the Destroyer, she must defeat him to rescue her mom. Aru gets a spirit sister, Mini, who is bookish and a little anxious, and together they learn to be friends and support each other as they grapple with characters of Hindu Mythology.  I loved the friendship between the two girls, and the way they go from being two people with little in common to utter biffles. Aru herself is hilarious, but she’s also average in most ways, rather than underestimated for being nerdy, which makes for a nice change in a hero. Do yourself a favor and pick this up. Do a kid a favor and give it to them. I’ll be pushing this into the hands of everyone I know, regardless of ag e. â€"Aimee Miles Auntie Poldi and the Sicilian Lions by Mario Giordano, translated by John Brownjohn This book is absolutely delightful. Reading it felt like a mini-vacation to Sicily, full of colorful characters and all the twists and turns I crave in a mystery. Auntie Poldi is a 60-year-old widow who has retired to Sicily. After an acquaintance goes missing, she makes quick work of becoming the towns premier amateur detective. She charms most of the towns residents (and the reader) immediately, with her colorful storytelling, penchant for wine, and signature wig. If you’re looking for a book to read on the beach, this one is perfect! â€"Susie Dumond Children of Blood and Bone by Tomi Adeyemi (Henry Holt Books for Young Readers) I’ve been talking to everyone and their mom about how much I love this book since finishing it this month. It seriously lives up to all the hype, and it has a lot of hype to live up to. The story follows many traditional fantasy tropesâ€"quests to restore magic, mystical objects, corrupt rulers who must be overthrown. But the character development and world-building is both unique and nuanced, mixing themes of racism and privilege with West African myths. The story of Zelie’s quest to bring back magic to her land so her people can fight their oppressors is full of unexpected twists, slightly more expected romantic developments, and a magic system that I’m excited to see developed throughout the series. â€"Alison Doherty Circe by Madeline Miller (Little, Brown and Company) Best book I’ve read this year. It still hurts me to think about it. Miller does such a great job bringing Circe to life. I loved Song of Achilles, which also hurt me, but this book was even better. For those of you who haven’t been eagerly awaiting this book, it’s the life of Circe, known from the Odyssey as the sea-witch who turned Odysseus’s men to pigs, from her perspective. Go read it now. â€"Elisa Shoenberger The Distance Between Us by Reyna Grande (Washington Square Books) In her memoir, Reyna Grande details her impoverished life in Mexico as she yearns to join her parents in El Otro Lado. At the age of nine, Grande left her Grandmother’s one room bamboo shack and crossed over the border illegally to start her life in America. While it is not easy, Grande learns English, graduates from high school, and eventually earns a degree from The University of California, Santa Cruz. All of this takes place as Grande tries to create relationships with her abusive father, her absent mother, and her nurturing sister and brother. This is an amazing read and one that is especially important at this time as our country questions its stance on illegal immigration. â€"Katherine Willoughby Educated: A Memoir by Tara Westover I have so many thoughts about this book and they come with such emotional baggage that it’s difficult to write this blurb. I both intensely loved and intensely hated this book. It’s been awhile since a book inspired such vitriol in me that I found myself screaming back at the narrator while my husband looked on me with a face of concern. This book is a great read for anyone who felt touched by Jeannette Walls’s  The Glass Castle. But be forewarned…the men in this book make Rex Walls look like a lovable scamp. Tara Westover’s narrative style and lyrical writing have the reader continually forgetting that her first foray into any sort of formalized education was when she first stepped foot into a classroom at Brigham Young University at the age of 17. Going on to Cambridge and Harvard and ultimately earning her PhD, the true mastery in this book was how she managed a level of empathy and compassion for the religion she was raised in and the life choices her abusers made. I ca n’t describe it except to say that Tara Westover is a special person and I’m looking forward to seeing what other contributions she makes to the world. â€"Elizabeth Allen Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower by Brittney Cooper This book is part memoir, part exploration of feminismâ€"Black feminism in particularâ€"and all-around totally awesome. It’s accessible and engaging, consistently surprising and fresh. It’s informed by philosophy and theory, but always in an approachable, clear way. It’s a difficult book in other ways, though: Cooper has some harsh truths to share about the sexism and racism particular to the U.S. and how those two “isms” combine to make the lives of Black women much more difficult than they should be. It’s a book every American should read. â€"Rebecca Hussey Furyborn by Claire Legrand (Sourcebooks Fire, May 22) I was excited about this book from the moment I read the premise about two young women with incredible powers, wrapped up in the fate of their kingdom, and separated by one thousand years. That’s such an interesting structure for a bookâ€"to essentially show a before and after shot of the events that leads to the destruction of a kingdom and the rise of an unforgiving empire. Even more so since it’s dealing with a prophesy about two queens, one who will save them and one who will doom them all. Plus angels and elemental magic and romance. This book just has that unputdownable quality that has you staying up all night to finish it. I mean, the first book hasn’t even come out yet and I’m already making grabby hands at the sequel. More please! â€"Rachel Brittain A Kind of Freedom by Margaret Wilkerson Sexton In 1940s New Orleans, Evelyn, a doctor’s daughter, falls in love with a janitor’s son. In the 1980s, Evelyn’s daughter, Jackie, has an infant son whose father, a pharmacist, is addicted to drugs. And in 2010, T.C., Jackie’s son, is trying to stay straight after getting out of prison for dealing marijuana. Margaret Wilkerson Sexton weaves together the stories of these three generations so that we see, with heart-breaking clarity, how hopes get dashed. Yet, somehow, the book remains hopeful, because these characters have such strong love for each other. That love sometimes drives them to say and do difficult things, but they keep wanting the best. Around the edges of the story, we see the effects of various forms of racism on this family, and that’s a crucial piece of their lives to address, but the focus is on the family love, which makes the book especially beautiful and devastating. â€"Teresa Preston The Kiss Quotient by Helen Hoang When you look up “hit you in the feels” in the Dictionary, it’s just a picture of this book. I laughed. I cried. I hugged my stuffed bear so tight fluff was threatening to burst out. Helen Hoang’s debut and #ownvoices novel is an adorably cutesy love story and a steamy romance at the same time. Stella Lane is an econometrician, meaning she spends her days immersed in numbers and algorithms. After a coworker implies she doesn’t know how to date (and do other things), she decides that research and evaluation is the best way to go. Her solution is to hire a male escort to teach her the ways of the bedroom and of the heart. Which leads her to Michael, a Vietnamese/Swedish god. (Seriously, where is MY Michael?) Hoang’s author’s note at the end recalls her own diagnosis with Autism Spectrum Disorder and what it meant to her as an older adult. And in regards to the steamy part, it went past my usual level of comfort of description for sex scenes and I wasn’t bothered at all. Ok, I definitely blushed a lot. But it was worth it. â€"Kate Krug Long Way Down by Jason Reynolds This YA book tells the gripping story of 15 year-old Will, who is reeling after his brother is shot and killed in their neighborhood. With his brother’s gun shoved in the back of his jeans, Will sets out to follow the rules he’s been taught: no crying, no snitching, just revenge. But as he steps into the elevator, he is confronted by the past and is forced to consider what future awaits him. The story is told in verse and I devoured it in one sitting. The power and economy of Reynold’s language is deeply affecting and packs a big emotional punch. I highly recommend this one and will definitely be reading more from this author. â€"Heather Bottoms Ms. Marvel Vol. 4: Last Days by G. Willow Wilson, Adrian Alphona, Ian Herring, and Joe Caramagna I came to Ms. Marvel a bit late, and ended up binging volumes 4-8 this past month. I love Kamala Khan’s Ms. Marvel for a number of reasons. She’s a young woman trying to juggle too many things, including life as a high schooler, life as a newly-minted superhero, the expectations of her family, and the needs of both her friends and her community. In the process, she finds that she can’t possibly make everyone happy. TOO REAL. On top of that, I am delighted by her embiggening powers, rendered vibrantly by Adrian Alphona and Ian Herring. Plus, she’s a fellow Jersey girl (and with a fantastic wardrobe!). Volume 4 has all of these elements in spades, but what sets it apart from the other ones, at least for me, is the emotional arc. As I followed along with Kamala’s struggles, I foundâ€"smack dab in the middle of everythingâ€"a panel that brought me to tears. This volume of Ms. Marvel brought all the feels. â€"Steph Auteri The Mere Wife: A Novel by Maria Dahvana Headley When I got this ARC in the mail, I wasn’t sure about it, I admit. Described as “Beowulf in the suburbs,” I didn’t know what to think. I’m glad I gave it a chance, because Headley’s writing is magical. It’s a story of two women and their sons, vastly different from one another, but more alike than they could ever know. One, a socialite; the other, a wounded war veteran in hiding. One is rich beyond compare; the other lives off the land in a cave. When their sons develop a friendship, both families explode from the inside out, and the entire town will never be the same. I couldn’t stop reading this, because the writing is painfully gut-wrenching, but beautiful in the minutiae of motherhood that it captures. â€"Jaime Herndon The One You Can’t Forget by Roni Loren (Sourcebooks Casablanca, June 5) Trigger warning (gun violence): this is the second book in Loren’s series about a group of friends who survived a mass shooting in high school. I know that doesn’t sound like the typical setup for a series of romance novels, but it’s really lovely. This one follows divorce attorney Rebecca Lindt, an overachiever in every way except when it comes to romance. On her way home one night she’s held at gunpoint, which brings back a flood of memories and causes her to freeze up. This is when she meets two heroes: one is a dog, who saves her and gets shot (the dog lives, don’t worry!), and the other is sexy chef Wes Garrett. I won’t go into too much plot here, but I really loved Loren’s exploration of PTSD, family pressure, perfectionism, and learning to think of oneself as worthy of love and desire. I wish I could get my hands on her next book in the series now! (By the way, the first one, The Ones Who Got Away, is great too!) â€"Lacey deShazo The Poet X by Elizabeth Acevedo My favorite reading experience is finding a book I must read because the cover is gorgeous, and then discovering that the inside content is as wonderful as the outside. It is book perfection! And in this case the audiobook, read by the author, is *chef kiss* for an extra layer of perfect. This is one of the year’s best books, period. Acevedo’s ability to write about a teen girl in Harlem trying to find her place in the world, her passions, and dating while having a strict Latina mother, in such an honest, realistic, heart-pouring, and unique way makes her one of the best writers today. I look forward to everything Acevedo writers and am grateful to have gotten to know and watch a part of Xiomara Batista’s life. Go listen to the audiobook right now, your life will be better for it. â€"Jamie Canaves Tales of Yusuf Tadros by Adel Esmat, translated by Mandy McClure (Hoopoe Fiction) Winner of the 2016 Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature, now available in English, this novel is unlike most of what is translated from Arabic. Instead of engaging political narratives or events, this is a small-town artist’s personal journey toward meaning and family in a Coptic Christian community. The narrator, Yusuf Tadros, never leaves for the big, art-laden citiesâ€"such as Cairo or Parisâ€"that he dreams of while a boy. Instead, he struggles to make a life as a teacher with his wife and family, having two passionate affairs that put him at odds with his conservative community. Yusuf Tadros struggles between communal and individual meanings, between maintaining his relationships and chasing his passions, between an intensely personal art and one that can be exhibited and shared. As in Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Tadros rebels against social rules, but he also comes, later in life, to claim his family, including his wife. A lucidly written and tremendously genuine-feeling portrait of an Egyptian artist who makes his life both with and against his community, gorgeously and feelingly rendered in English by debut translation-artist Mandy McClure. â€"M Lynx Qualey They Can’t Kill Us Until They Kill Us: Essays by Hanif Abdurraqib (Two Dollar Press) Abdurraqib knows that writing about music can never be only about music. Because music is not just a tune, it’s your first group of friends, and it’s your first love, and it’s that one day you walked down a city street and felt desperately alone. Each essay in this stunning collection about music and life and blackness is Abdurraqib walking into a room and pressing play, immersing us in a moment at a show or a place in time, and most importantly, in a feelingâ€"Abdurraqib writes about music as feeling, as moment. He writes about going to an Atmosphere show and leaving it to discover Trayvon Martin had been killed; he writes about what My Chemical Romance says about death in The Black Parade; he writes about Carly Rae Jepsen, Chance the Rapper, Fall Out Boy, and so many more, all while sharing some of his most personal stories with us. It’s a gorgeous book that’s required reading for everyone who loves music (by which I mean…everyone). â€"Leah Rachel von Essen Thirsty by Mia Hopkins (Loveswept) Romance has a reputation for overblown angst or manufactured conflict that could be easily resolved with one damn conversation. Thirsty is not that book. Sal just finished a five-year prison sentence and is trying to start over but doesn’t know how to extract himself from the gang that helped land him in trouble in the first place. Vanessa is a single mom trying put herself on the career track she’s been working toward for years. In other words, there are no billionaires here, and the stakes are decidedly higher than whether or not someone’s brother will be mad if these two get together. Mia Hopkins also infuses so much detail into her storytellingâ€"like Vanessa whistling on her daughter’s nails after she paints them to make them dry fasterâ€"that it’s impossible not to get drawn into the story. It’s such a satisfying read that I’ll forgive Hopkins for ending the book on a cliffhanger for Sal and his family. As long as she gets the next book out ASAP.   â€"Trisha Brown Travel as a Political Act by Rick Steves With this little book, Rick Steves goes beyond European travel guides to discuss everything he’s learned about world citizenship from his globetrotting career. He covers everything from the political and economic state of El Salvador to drug use in the Netherlands to secular Islam in Turkey and Morocco. He visits an Irish-speaking region of Ireland, Copenhagen’s nonconformist commune, and a martyr’s cemetery in Iran. In every chapter, he reflects on what the U.S. could learn from these places by sharing anecdotes from local people he met along the way. Empathy is the lens through which he views the world, and he challenges his readers (and members of his tour groups) to do the same. To step back, consider another’s point of view, and come away from the experience changed, because “the ultimate souvenir is a broader outlook.” In this way, he shows how “travel can be a powerful force for peace. Travel promotes understanding at the expense of fear.” I already considered myself a fairly thoughtful traveler before I read this, but I learned so much that I wish I had encountered it much earlier in my traveling life. It’s definitely a book I’ll gift to my wanderlust-stricken friends. â€"Emily Polson Wade in the Water: Poems by Tracy K. Smith Every poem in this collection is a gem, but by far the most powerful are the erasure and found poems. Drawing on the Declaration of Independence, the correspondence of black soldiers who fought in the Civil War (along with their wives, children and friends), correspondence between slave owners regarding the sale of slaves, accounts of near-death experiences, and reports of attacks on Muslim and immigrant women (among other sources), Smith weaves dazzling, powerful poems that took my breath away. These poems are beautiful and brutal, and they illuminate truths about the American past and present in startling new ways. Wade in the Water is a truly American book of poetryâ€"but it’s about the true, often ugly, often brutal America. Smith brilliantly turns the myth of America upside-down, using our most beloved mythical documents (i.e. the Declaration) to tell a story that is both harrowing and celebratory, unflinchingly honest, but not without hope. â€"Laura Sackton The Way You Make Me Feel by Maurene Goo (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, May 8, 2018) I fell in love with the cover of The Way You Make Me Feel and immediately knew I had to get it on my TBR a few months ago. In March, I was lucky enough to snag an ARC and bumped it up my TBRâ€"this novel is the story of Clara, who takes things too far with a prom night prank and ends up working on her father’s Brazilian-Korean fusion food truck with her least favorite classmate for the summer as punishment. As the summer moves on, Clara meets the enthusiastic and stylish Hamlet, who mans a coffee stand at one of the food truck stops. Juggling a new romance, a rocky mother-daughter relationship, the consequences of her prank, and a contest that could potentially change her father’s life for the better, Clara is a little overwhelmed. But this doesn’t stop her from being her own unique self. With a beautifully depicted Gilmore Girlsâ€"esque relationship between Clara and her father, I can only say good things about this excellent YA summer read. â€"Abby Hargreaves We Are Never Meeting in Real Life by Samantha Irby I approached this book fully expecting some laughs. What I wasn’t expecting was to have my heart wrenched out of my chest, to find tears in my eyes, to commiserate at such a level. This is seriously a five-star book, and I didn’t think a humor book could be a five-star read for me. Irby’s bitter, dry humor while filling out a Bachelorette application, growing up poor in an abusive home, exploring lesbian sex and her perfect partner Mavis, gave me all the feels. And I laughed. A lot. (I hear you about that Cinnamon Toast Crunch.) I recommend listening to this on audiobook. Irby reads it, and it brings you that much closer to her humor. I’ve already put her other books on hold at the library. â€"Margaret Kingsbury

Health Promotion Programme On Breast Cancer Screening Program

Health is an important aspect of human life. The significance of health has dramatically increased in the recent years. If a person is not healthy, he/she cannot contribute to the wellbeing of the society. Following of unhealthy lifestyles, changing and unhealthy food habits, unhygienic practices, hectic workloads and lack of exercises are considered to be the common causes of a person becoming unhealthy. Here is the importance of health promotion programmes. According to WHO, â€Å"health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health†. This paper deals with a health promotion programme on breast cancer screening. It also deals with the aims, goals, and objectives of this programme. The paper describes the health promotion programme in the contexts of The Treaty of Waitangi and The Ottawa charter for health promotion. Breast cancer screening programme: This is a health promotion programme developed in order to reduce the occurrence of breast cancer among women over the age of 45 to 69 through early diagnosis and treatment. The assumption is that early detection will improve outcomes. The Breast malignancy screening is the restorative screening of asymptomatic, clearly solid ladies for bosom growth trying to accomplish a prior judgment. This programme will help to identify and provide appropriate treatment to those who are suffering from breast cancer, and also providing promotion and health educational services. In thisShow MoreRelatedHealth Promotion. This Paper Will Discuss The Health Promotion1639 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Promotion This paper will discuss the health promotion role of learning disability nurse when supporting a person with a learning disability to access cancer screening programmes. Barriers to health inclusion will be discussed and how the nurse can assist in reducing these inequalities with the use of current legislation. The World Health Organisation (1986) defines health promotion as â€Å"a process of enabling people to have control over the determinants of their health in order to achieveRead MoreHealth Education Plan On Breast Cancer Essay1967 Words   |  8 PagesHealth Education Plan on Breast Cancer New Zealand had the third highest mortality rate of breast cancer in the Western world. In order to put a stop to this epidemic of breast cancer we should focuses on four key areas of work; early detection, the future of the disease, targeted therapies for the treatment, prevention New Zealand, about 2800 women a year are diagnosed with breast cancer and 600 women die each year around them. 7 women with breast cancer were found to be around for a day. BreastRead More Cancer Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, cancer prevalence has been increasing globally. It is now one of the top 10 causes of death among the middle and high income countries worldwide (World Health Organisation, 2008). In Singapore, cancer has surpassed cardiovascular disease and become the top killer over the last 3 years (Ministry of Health, 2007). Breast cancer tops the chart among Singaporean women (Health Promotion Board, 2007). Thousands of women are diagnosed with breast cancer annually and it causes approximatelyRead MoreDifferent Governmental Strategies For Cancer Survivorship Care Essay1989 Words   |  8 Pagesbeen developed to inform cancer survivorship practice, to meet breast cancer patients’ needs and enhance their survival and well-being. 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The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in TransitionRead MoreOttawa Charter2301 Words   |  10 PagesHow the Ottawa Charter is evident in Health Promotion Strategies Strategy | Build healthy public policy | Create supportive environments | Strengthen community action | Develop personal skills | Reorients health service | QUIT | laws relating to smoking in public places, tobacco advertising, the display of cigarettes in retail outlets, tobacco packaging and tobacco taxes. | Providing personalised counselling for those wanting to stop smoking - Quitline, a telephone service that people canRead MoreJamaica, meaning â€Å"Land of Wood and Water† is the third largest island with 10,991 square kilometers2700 Words   |  11 PagesLanguage is English. Government in Jamaica is a parliamentary democracy and is considered an upper middle-income country with a population of 2,769 (WHO, 2014). 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Abortion Is Negatively Affecting Our Society Today

Abortion is negatively affecting our society today. Numerous people feel it is evil, because it kills an unborn for no reason. Conversely, others believe that it is a woman’s legal right to choose abortion, especially in case of incest, rape, or health issues threatening life of a mother. To kill an unborn using dreadful procedures is not only wrong for the doctors to perform, but it is also morally wrong. How would you feel if someone took away your ability to live? Imagine not having any say in life or death. Babies do not have a choice in their mother’s womb. If a woman decides to abort her baby, they cannot do anything about their life being taken away from them. A baby’s whole future is demolished. There are many other alternative†¦show more content†¦Many other families would love to raise the child as their own. Another reason abortion is not a wise solution is the harm that is done to the mother. The mother’s life is at a high risk, and it affects her emotionally and physically. According to Gà ³mez-Lavà ­n (2008-2013) â€Å"sixty five percent of women who abort suffer symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome after undergoing the procedure. Many women regret getting an abortion. This makes it a controversial issue. Abortion can also result in not being able to get pregnant in the future. It can cause many sicknesses and even death. Abortion affects both victims in dangerous ways. Women who get abortions are commonly seen as experiencing conflict over their abortion decision, not fully accepting at an emotional level their own action, but feeling guilt, shame, and ambivalence. According to Rosen, Hudson, Martindale (1975) the discomfort with having violated social mores, and a person s consequent ambivalence about her sexual nature in general, if very strong will probably preclude getting in touch with real self—completely, but women as patients do wrestle with questions about abortion in itself. Abortion is considered brutal murder. In 1982, Ronald Reagan stated: Simple morality dictates that unless and until someone can prove the unborn human is not alive, we must give it the benefit of the doubt and assume it is (alive). And, thus, it should be entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia - 1569 Words

Jaime is a 17 year old caucasian male, living with a younger brother and both parents. According to his parents, he has been suffering from hallucinations for the past 8 months and has has been dealing insomnia for the past 4 months. When meeting him, he showed signs of movement disorders and thought disorders. After Complete Blood Count tests and interviews with multiple mental health professionals, Jaime was confirmed to have paranoid schizophrenia. Jaime was immediately put on antipsychotic medication, and after about 3 months of taking that medication, he started attending psychological treatment. He has been continuing with both procedures for about a year. Today, his medication dose has lowered and he has shown much improvement compared to when he first was diagnosed. Introduction Positive symptoms are behaviors that aren t seen in healthy people, people who don t â€Å"lose touch† with reality. Depending on each case, it can be hardly noticeable or extremely obvious. An example of a positive symptom would be hallucinations. Negative symptoms disrupt behaviors and emotions. People who show signs of negative symptoms usually show some type of poor hygiene as well. These symptoms can be confused with depression or other conditions. For instance, the â€Å"flat affect† — one’s facial expressions not moving and speaking monotonously — is a type of negative symptom; refusing to speak even when forced to interact is another effect of negative symptoms. Lastly, cognitive symptomsShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1176 Words   |  5 Pages Symptoms The symptoms of schizophrenia are wide and varied, typically falling into three main categories, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms. Each of these symptom types affect the patient in different ways, and in different degrees of severity. The symptoms may range from mildly irritating, to severe and debilitating. 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This paper purposes at critically evaluating and analyzing psychological disorder referred to as schizophrenia by demonstrating its symptoms and their occurrences. It will discuss the causes of this type of psychological disorder and possible diagnostic together treatments mechanisms of this kind of disease. Schizophrenia is aRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1077 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenias is a serious mental illness characterized by incoherent or illogical thoughts, bizarre behavior and speech, and delusions or hallucinations, such as hearing voices (APA,2015). I choose to touch on the topic of schizophrenia because I always been interested the topic itself. The one thing I wondered is if there are different stages of schizophrenia and why it may be hard to diagnose. Schizophrenia is a mental disease that’s very hard to pinpoint in a person, whichRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1210 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenia Symptoms. Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder which is characterized by an inability to distinguish what is real and subsequent abnormal behavior. Literally translating from the Greek skhizein and phrÄ“n meaning ‘split-mind’, schizophrenia is characterized by both positive symptoms, e.g. hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, and also negative symptoms, e.g. apathy, Anhedonia, and deficits in executive functioning. The Diagnostic and StatisticalRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1153 Words   |  5 Pages 1 / 3 Cindy Tien 3-18-15 Per.6 Schizophrenia What is Schizophrenia? Can you imagine living day by day having to hear and see things that nobody else could? You feel alone, lost and different amongst other normal people. Believe it or not, approximately twenty five million people in America have been impacted by this disease called schizophrenia. What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is mental disorder distinguished by disturbances within thought patterns, attention, and emotions. UnfortunatelyRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia Over 2 million Americans suffer with schizophrenia each day. A vast majority of people diagnosed with schizophrenia suffer from hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disorganized speech. Hallucinations are sensory experiences in the absence of external stimulation; therefore, people with schizophrenia may see people or things that are not really there and may even hold conversions or have relationships with these â€Å"people†. Delusions are false beliefs about reality. Someone withRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1049 Words   |  5 Pages The Effects of Schizophrenia Madison M. Sulak Dr. Linstrum PSYCH 2301 East Texas Baptist University Fall 2015 Pg. 1 A brain disorder can be triggered by multiple different things such as a stroke, abnormal growths, any type of viral infection, or cancer. There are countless types of brain disorders that people are diagnosed with daily. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, â€Å"Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder that has affected peopleRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1430 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenia is very complex and â€Å"startling disorder characterized by a broad range of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions† (Barlow Durand, 2015, p. 477). It can greatly impact a person’s life in a negative manner: affecting physical, emotional, relational, and occupational health. 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Plagiarism And How To Avoid free essay sample

This booklet and the accompanying website (URL opposite) have been designed to develop your understanding of authorship and plagiarism so that you can adopt good academic practice ND avoid committing plagiarism and related academic offences. Page 5 Resources you may like to try page 6 ? Types Of plagiarism page 7 Common reasons for plagiarism page 8 Common mistakes page 9? Benefits of referencing page 9 What needs referencing? Age 10 How to avoid plagiarism Summarizing, paraphrasing and page 11 quoting page 12 How will it be detected? Page 12 Turnstile Whether intentional or accidental, plagiarism is your responsibility as a student. Ignorance is no excuse. Please read this booklet carefully. Produced by the Learning and Teaching Unit. Contact Richard Yates tit questions relating to the booklet.O University of Essex 2009 2 Plagiarism and how to avoid it Designed and printed by university of Essex Printing Services 50% recycled material Foreword by Professor Andy Downtown, Pro-Vice Chancellor Learning and Teaching Every degree programmer in every UK university requires students to submit and be assessed on written coursework of some sort, whether it is essays, reports, dissertations, or laboratory assignments. Such coursework is necessarily based on critical analysis Of a body of previous written work, and in recent years internet resources have increasingly come the source of the reference material on which the critical analysis is based. But at what point does reference to a source become plagiarism rather than legitimate summary or critique? Central to the development of good academic practice are the related notions of plagiarism and authorship, which this booklet will help you to understand. In particular, the professional ethics and values expected of academic authors are the cornerstone of academic practice and the key to understanding the rules of academic work in general. Please read this booklet carefully and speak to your lecturer or supervisor bout any areas of confusion or uncertainty you may have. In simplest terms, plagiarism is cheating. In UK higher education, directly copying someone elses words and ideas is not simply borrowing, it is stealing, and the penalties can be extremely severe.A full understanding of how to avoid plagiarism and other forms of academic cheating is something you will need from your first piece of coursework onwards. Start now. I hope you enjoy your time at Essex. Remember that the skills, values and practices that you develop during your time here will provide a high quality and lasting foundation for your professional life. Supporting resources online: www. Essex. AC. UK/plagiarism www. Essex. AC. UK/missiles 3 Introduction Many cases of plagiarism are committed each year as a result of misunderstanding.But even though confusion and uncertainty are quite natural, especially at the beginning of a new course of study, misunderstanding is not accepted as an excuse or as a defense against an accusation of plagiarism. It is therefore important that you understand what the University considers to be good academic practice so that you can avoid all risk of committing plagiarism. You need to understand now, right from the beginning of the iris term. P rush h order to UT fully Understand plagiarism, it is t is important first h understand disconnect of W authors IP.But what is it? Authorship refers to the production and ownership of ideas and intellectual material, such as books, articles, images, etc. The higher education system in the UK places great importance on recognizing the producer and owner of material. Whereas in some cultures knowledge is thought of as communal property, in the United Kingdom it is considered to be individual property. Therefore, improper or incomplete acknowledgement of a source of information is 4 legalism and how to avoid it treated as intellectual theft.The proper name for this is plagiarism. The issue of ownership is complicated by the fact that some knowledge is said to be common knowledge. Do not be alarmed by this: common knowledge is dealt with on page 9, in the section called what needs referencing, which will help you to identify what needs to be referenced and what does not. The concept of authorship has an impact on all of your academic work, not just the way you are expected to apply referencing conventions.At university, you will be encouraged to develop your own ideas and construct your own knowledge, using established knowledge as a foundation. You will be encouraged to find your voice, which means developing your own unique academic writing style your authorial voice. The importance of understanding the concept of authorship goes beyond avoiding plagiarism. What is plagiarism? The University applies the following definition of plagiarism: Using or copying the work of others (whether written, printed or in any other form) without proper acknowledgement in any coursework.The phrase proper acknowledgement is explained in the following pages of this booklet, but, in brief, if you use the work of others, you just either quote it using quotation marks or paraphrase it a practice which is explained on page 1 1. Whichever method you chooser you must always include a citation (I. E. A short in-text reference, e. G. Andrews, 2008: 22) and a bibliographic reference. Make sure you speak to your department about the preferred way of applying this principle, as referencing systems differ across the University.Check your departmental handbook and website. The meaning of some of these terms quote, paraphrase, citation and reference may not be completely clear to you. While some are defined more fully in the proceeding pages, a full loosely of reference-related terms is available on the universitys plagiarism websites: If you feel that these terms lack sufficient meaning to you and are hindering your understanding of this booklet, we advise you to go online and read this booklet in conjunction with the website, which also features an interactive test.Resources you may like to try missiles The University academic skills website is a growing source of interactive guidance and exercises for all students on a range of academic skills areas, including referencing. Www. Essex. AC. UK/missiles/skills/referencing/ reprehensibility. SP Plagiarism website The plagiarism website includes much of the information in this booklet and more. It also includes a quiz so you can test your understanding of plagiarism, and a short film in which students around campus talk about plagiarism. Types of plagiarism You will be plagiarism if you: Copy someone elses work and present it as if it were your own If you use a source when you write your assignment, whatever that source might be, you must not simply copy whole sentences or paragraphs as though they are your own. Regardless of your intentions, it is plagiarism: even if you think the ententes are excellent and express the point better than you could; even if you have taken so many notes on a topic that you have forgotten to note the reference to some of the sources.Whatever your reason, the rules are very clear: if you copy someone elses words and use them as your own you will be plagiarism and penalized accordingly. Copy sections of someone elses work but change the odd word or phrase If you use someone elses work in anything you submit for assessment then you must make sure that you give the author full and proper credit according to the conventions of your discipline. You cannot escape this by simply changing some of the words and phrases. You must always acknowledge and give full credit to all of your sources. If you would prefer not to quote because of the context, then paraphrase instead. Submit the same piece of work for two different assignments, even if they are to different departme nts You must not submit exactly the same piece of work for two different assignments. If you have been rewarded for a piece of work once then you cannot expect to be rewarded again for the same piece, even if it was submitted in a different year of study. You will be cheating if you try to get woo sets of marks for one piece of work. However, it is perfectly acceptable to use material from your earlier assignments, so long as you make sure that you acknowledge the original source, even if that source is yourself. Submit written work produced collaboratively, unless this is specifically allowed This is known as collusion. Alternatively, if you are required to work with another person, it is simply collaboration. Whereas in most cases of plagiarism, the second party (the person being plagiarisms) is not involved directly with the first party (the plagiarism), in cases of collusion, the first and second party work together to deceive a third party (the marker). 6 Common reasons for plagiarism Reasons for committing plagiarism vary from fairly innocent and accidental mis takes to the deliberate intention to deceive. Unfortunately, no allowance is made for whether the act was intended, as we saw from the University definition of plagiarism on page 5. Some reasons that are commonly given but are unacceptable include: Being unclear about what plagiarism is Having insufficient time management skills or being idle e. G. Being too disorganized with deadlines to undertake and submit original work Having an ineffective method of note-taking e. G. Not always recording the source of information Feeling under extreme pressure to pass or succeed whether it be financial, parental, cultural, etc. Having different cultural values / practicing different academic conventions Mistakenly believing that it will be easy to get away with (see the section How will it be detected? On page 12) Knowing that the syllabus has stayed the same each year e. G. Having access to work from previous students Having unclear instructions for an assessment task (if in doubt, always lariat with your tutor) Having a lack of academic confidence (again, speak to your tutor or a study skills advisor) Being conditioned from secondary schooling ? e. . Not being familiar with the requirement to acknowledge sources (sorry, no excuse) 7 Common mistakes There are many reasons why acts of plagiarism occur, some of which are due to genuine mistakes that relate to referencing and notating practices. Some students make the mistake of thinking that plagiarism does not apply to every type of source material or to every type Of assignment, but it does. Unfortunately, no allowance is made for whether the act as intended or unintended.Examples of some common mistakes include: l thought it would be K if I included the source in my bibliography only. l made lots of notes for my essay and couldnt remember where I found the information. l adhere to other academic conventions In school I was taught that copying from textbooks and the internet showed that I had done my research properly. l thought it would be K to use material that had purchased online. l thought it would be K to copy the text if changed some Of the words into my own. l thought that plagiarism only applied to says, I didnt know that it can also apply to oral presentations/group projects, etc. l didnt think I had to reference my tutors notes. l didnt think that I needed to reference material found on the web. l left it too late and just didnt have time to reference my sources. Please make sure that you do not make these mistakes. If you require any further guidance, you should contact your department. 8 Benefits Of referencing Avoiding plagiarism is not the only reason for referencing.There are many others. Benefits of referencing include: Receiving credit for your own hard work and research Demonstrating your intellectual integrity by conforming to agreed academic standards of good practice Receiving meaningful feedback from your tutor that is targeted to the level you are really at (not pretending to be) Conceptualizing your work to show how it relates to current research and debates Directing your reader to sources of information and enabling them to pick up the thread What needs referencing?Before considering what needs to be referenced, it may be helpful to first consider what does not. Common is the term used to describe established facts that are not attributable to a particular person or authority. For example, it is known that John Lennox was assassinated in 1 980, in New York, by Mark Chapman. However, what is less likely to be classed as common knowledge and therefore taken for granted is the reason why Chapman killed him. This is because there have been numerous theories, each one claiming to hold the answer.The following do need to be referenced: Ideas and quotations taken from journal articles, books, etc. Information taken from the web Images from the web and elsewhere Newspaper articles 9 How to avoid plagiarism As well as having an understanding Of what legalism is, you will also need to develop certain skills to fully protect yourself. Some of the key academic skills you will need to develop are: Learning how to take notes effectively Many instances of plagiarism can be traced back to the note-taking stage.Make sure you always record the reference details of your sources for ideas, quotations, and general information. Read the guide to note-taking on the University missiles website. Learning how to reference correctly Most departments provide their own guidance on referencing there is more than one system used around the University, so it is important that you follow our departments guidelines, where available. Usually, this information features in the departmental Undergraduate Handbook.

Conflicting responsibilities

Cooper (2012) considers three conflicting responsibilities, (1) conflicts of authority, (2) role conflicts and (3) conflicts of interest. Conflicts of authority are based on the subordination of one person to several people (laws, rules) and in case one contradicts another one the conflict appears.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conflicting responsibilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most disappointing aspect is that there is no way out without negative consequences. A person who has appeared in this situation will be punished for nonperforming the task, either prescribed by the rule of given by one of the authorities. Authorities do not listen to the explanations why it is impossible to complete the task, they are usually more interested what is done for the task to be done. Role conflicts usually appear in the corporations with multiple levels of organizational structures. Cooper (2012) states that t here are situations when being subjected to one person an employee understands that he is also subordinate to another one whose authority is spread on his/her first boss. The fusion of roles is observed. On the one hand, an employee is to subject to both these people, however, having one and the same boss with another employee, this person feels some difficulties in understanding whether to subject to both of them or only to the one whose position is higher. Conflicts of interest comprise a number of particular cases which difficult to enumerate. Cooper does not offer one specific sample case, as he does while discussing those two conflicts as they are too numerous and cannot be covered by one situation. The main idea of the conflicts of interest is based on the conflict between personal and corporate interests. In most cases, this dilemma is connected with the ethical and moral rules of the company which may contradict to moral considerations of a person. Let’s take the conf lict of interest as the basis for consideration of the situation from a personal experience. The company has particular rules to follow. A company forbids delivering the information about the business it runs. The company employees are not allowed to tell anyone about the sphere of their business. However, at the same time, the company managers insist (still, without pressure) that the employees should invite their college friends and other people who have the same specialization for employment.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the one hand, an employee wants to invite some people for employment as the work is interesting and the salary is appropriate, however, a person faces the problem of the corporation rules, he/she is unable to tell a friend about the company, what it does and which responsibilities one is going to perform. Therefore, an ethical dilemma appears, whether t o ignore the requirement and do not offer a friend a good job position, or to violate the company rules and to tell a friend about company responsibilities. Cooper (2012) also believes that human drive for individualism is at the root of many of their ethical dilemmas and this is exactly the reason for conflicts. If people did not want to be equal, they would not behave in the way which creates the reasons for conflicts. Many conflicts in the company are based on the human personal beliefs. Thus, for example, the company may be directed in one particular religion with following all the rules of this religion. One person may have another religion and it creates a conflict. Reference List Cooper, T. L. (2012). The Responsible Administrator. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. This essay on Conflicting responsibilities was written and submitted by user Elle Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ethics and Land Use Behavior

Ethics and Land Use Behavior Introduction Ethics refers to a code of conduct that defines how individuals should behave or interact with others and the surrounding environment (MacKinnon 15). The code of conduct is informed by the principles of right (good) and wrong (evil).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Land Use Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Engaging in ethical behavior involves making a choice between what is deemed to be right or wrong. An ethical individual must be able to distinguish right from wrong, as well as, good from evil. Furthermore, the individual must make a commitment to do only what is right or good (MacKinnon 18). Making ethical decisions is often difficult due to the values and attitudes that are held by individuals. Moreover, the professional, economic and social contexts in which a person operates can challenge his ability to pursue ethical goals. In this paper, a distinction will be made between rig ht and wrong behaviors in the context of land usage. This distinction will be underpinned by the premise that an ethical individual must do what is right to do rather than what he has a right to do. Land Use Behavior In most communities, individuals have competing values that create difficulties and contentions in the process of making land use decisions. Generally, land ethic is used as a principle for prioritizing the possible uses of the available land. Concisely, it helps community members and decisions of conflict of interest in land management initiatives include the following. To begin with, commissioners can enjoy personal financial benefits by voting for decisions that affect a region where they own large pieces of land (Sanghera and Satybaldieva 96-114).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Land Use Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, a commissioner can vote against controlled deve lopment in a municipality where he owns land so that he can construct as many buildings as possible. Conflict of interest can also occur if the decision taken by a commissioner can benefit any of his blood relatives. The benefit can be in the form of financial gain or unfair acquisition of land. Finally, conflict of interest can occur if land use issues are used by politicians as a complain agenda in order to attract voters. In this case, politicians make land use promises which might be popular but not beneficial to the public. According to the principle of common good, any act that leads to conflict of interest in land use or management is wrong. A common good is achieved when land management decisions enhance social welfare in the community (MacKinnon 89). It is also achieved when land management decisions promote peace and security. In the contrary, conflict of interest often leads to tensions and confrontations. For instance, biased land use policies led to bloody confrontation s between Africans and whites in South Africa during the apartheid period. The principles of land ethic should be upheld in situations where conflicts of interest are likely to arise. In this regard, the behavior of a decision-maker is deemed to be right if he abstains from taking any decision or action regarding land use that directly benefits him or his close relatives at the expense of the society. For instance, a land commissioner should disqualify himself from voting in a decision-making process that affects a region where he owns a relatively large piece of land. Finally, ethical obligations should be applicable in the local and the adjacent jurisdiction (MacKinnon 112). It is apparent that communities do not exist in isolation. Thus, their land use behaviors are likely to affect neighboring communities. For instance, farming along the upstream banks of a river will lead to water pollution which eventually affects the downstream communities. This is likely to happen if the riv er is an open access water resource (Sanghera and Satybaldieva 96-114). Even though the upstream communities have a right to use the river’s water for farming, their action is wrong since it hurts the downstream communities. If the upstream and downstream communities belong to different jurisdictions, the right action will involve enforcing land use policies that are binding in both jurisdictions. Concisely, each community must take responsibility for its behavior by refraining from any action that pollutes the river. Conclusion Ethics refers to principles and guidelines that govern the behavior of individuals in the society (Brassard 497-500). In the context of land use and management, these principles help individuals and communities to distinguish between right and wrong behaviors. However, community members often disagree on what should be classified as right or wrong land use behavior due to underlying values and attitudes.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, certain behaviors can be deemed to be right and acceptable by some individuals. However, the same behaviors can be considered to be immoral, inappropriate and unacceptable by others. Consequently, the community must agree on common ethical standards that will guide the behavior of its members in regard to land use. This leads to the conclusion that an ethical individual must do what is right to do, rather than what he has a right to do. Brassard, Paul. Social and Land Use Ethics Surrounding Land Trusts. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economcis 42.2 (2000): 497-500. Print. MacKinnon, Barbara. Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print. Sanghera, Balihar and Elmira Satybaldieva. Ethics of Property, Illegal Settlements and the Right to Subsistence. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 32. 1 (2012): 96-114. Print. Wotapka, Dawn. College Housing Firms Aim Upscale. Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones and Company. 23 Oct. 2012. Web.

Consequences of Pragmatism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consequences of Pragmatism - Essay Example They understand the people but not their philosophy. Sometimes we continue to live our lives without realizing that our perspective has become stagnant. We consider our viewpoints to be true because the people around us accept it as the truth. When we went to war against Afghanistan, we saw them as the bad guys. But when we read about the horror that we inflicted upon them, we realize that we are the bad guys. The truth changes meaning for different people and different times. Therefore I argue against fact that there is something known as the absolute truth. Absolute truth changes with the viewpoint of the society. It changes with people, time, ideals, leader etc. For instance, the absolute truth changed for me when I came to America. Even as I interacted with the people in America, their viewpoints also changed and so did their absolute truth. Considering the fact that stereotypes guide our understanding of the people and world around us, is it possible for us to embrace the concep ts of the positivists. The positivists came as a reaction to the prevalent racism and nationalism that was hindering man’s search for the absolute truth. These positivists aimed for a universal language that could bring together people from different wakes of life. But when asks whether it is possible to develop that one universal language, the answer is not that simple. According to Wittgenstein, ‘It is only in language that one can mean something by something’ (Rotary).Therefore, in order for a word to mean something, there must be people giving meaning to the world. The people giving meaning to this word already have a lens on their eyes that makes their world from the other person who though has a lens but his is a little... The truth changes meaning for different people and different times. Therefore I argue against fact that there is something known as the absolute truth. Absolute truth changes with the viewpoint of the society. It changes with people, time, ideals, leader etc. For instance, the absolute truth changed for me when I came to America. Even as I interacted with the people in America, their viewpoints also changed and so did their absolute truth.Considering the fact that stereotypes guide our understanding of the people and world around us, is it possible for us to embrace the concepts of the positivists. The positivists came as a reaction to the prevalent racism and nationalism that was hindering man’s search for the absolute truth. These positivists aimed for a universal language that could bring together people from different wakes of life.But when asks whether it is possible to develop that one universal language, the answer is not that simple. According to Wittgenstein, ‘I t is only in language that one can mean something by something’ (Rotary).Therefore, in order for a word to mean something, there must be people giving meaning to the world. The people giving meaning to this word already have a lens on their eyes that makes their world from the other person who though has a lens but his is a little different according to his cultural and social background. The different lenses thus become a major impediment towards the development of a universal language.

Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Stress - Essay Example Stress can be explained as bodily reaction of certain agents. Stress is a response state and that its induction depends on the mediation of some appraising, perceiving, or interpreting mechanism. Also stress is defined as "a psychological and physiological response to events that upset our personal balance in some way. These events or demands are known as stressors" (Stress Management 2007). Certain universally adequate stimuli may be expected to lead to stress more rapidly than others, as, for example, cutting off the air supply. The main types of stress are physiological, psychological, and social. Also, it is possible to mention acute and episodic acute stress, chronic and traumatic types of stress (Stress Management 2007). This should lead to a stress state in all persons, with little variation in the rate of its development. However, any less severe stimulation, and particularly where the effectiveness of the stimulation is dependent on prior conditioning (as in the case of social stimuli), will give rise to response patterns that vary greatly from person to person and may induce anxiety or stress much more rapidly in one person than another. The main symptoms of stress are frustration, conflicts, pressure, emotional disorders, aggressiveness or passivity, memory problems and loss of objectivity, anxiety and depression, etc. The main causes of stress are health-related problems such as temperature and heart disease, high blood pressure and diabetes, tautological disorders and illnesses, headaches and inc reasing alcohol use, etc. In other words, there may be specific as well as general causes of distinct stress-related disease patterns. Systemic stress is concerned primarily with the disturbances of tissue systems, psychological stress with cognitive factors leading to the evaluation of threat, and social stress with the disruption of a social unit or system (Davis et al 72). While many believe the three types of stress are related, the nature of this relationship is far from clear. Critics admit that: 'the nature and severity of the stress disorder could depend on at least three factors: (1) the formal characteristics of the environmental demands, (2) the quality of the emotional response generated by the demands, and (3) the processes of coping mobilized by the stressful commerce. (Davis 127). The kind of situation which arouses a stress response in a particular individual must be related to significant events in that person's life (Stress Management 2007). Stress reduction techniques involve humor and self talk, crying and diet. The best techniques to cope with stress are rest and psychical exercises, effective anger management and analysis of the problems. In severe cases, psychologists use tranquilising drugs to treat stress and reduce its negative effects. Treatment may be viewed in these terms as assistance in the effort to reestablish the optimal level of integration which had to be sacrificed for a more tenable level of maintenance. Stress has a negative and harmful impact on human life and performance, and for this reason it is important for an individual to foresee and reduce the amount and impact of stress-related factors on our life. Works Cited Stress management. (n.d.). Davis, M.,

Effects of Culture in Teaching and Learning

Effects of Culture in Teaching and Learning Teaching English in Saudi Arabia – The Cultural Context Introduction In this essay, I aim to examine the cultural context predominant in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in so far as it might affect effective teaching and learning styles and strategies in the EFL classroom. My interest in this topic is grounded in the reality of the post-9/11 world where the Western world has been pitted against the Arabic world as if there is a great social, cultural and religious divide that might never be bridged – or so the message in the media goes. This poses a great challenge and temptation for EFL teachers working in or curious about the region. The KSA makes for a particularly interesting study into how the local cultural and religious context might impact on successful English teaching and learning, because of the Kingdoms â€Å"politically sensitive geography† (Marcinkiewicz, 1995). The holy cities of Mekkah and Madinah are situated right within its borders and the KSA has thus â€Å"undertaken a protectoral role in religion.† It follows then that the Islamic religion is not only the most pervasive aspect of local culture, impacting directly on teaching method and content, it is also a significant motivating force for KSA learners who are â€Å"intensely religious, Islam having a strong influence on their minds and hearts.† (Al Haq and Smadi, 1996). It can thus be expected then that the religious dynamics in the KSA will â€Å"cause friction in the classroom† (Traynham, 2006). With Islam being the â€Å"strongest denominator† of students in the KSA (Kniffka, 1996), cultural awareness must inform any teaching methodology in order to achieve successful outcomes. Outline of essay I will introduce the cultural context underpinning effective language teaching and learning and give a brief background of the history of English instruction in the KSA as a way of introducing the larger historical and cultural context in which English-language instruction occurs. I will next consider some of the specific sociocultural and sociolinguistic issues that impact on the learning styles and strategies preferred by students and teachers in the KSA. Referring to the relevant literature, I will suggest connections between the local cultural context and the effectiveness of learning and teaching methods and strategies employed. Finally, I will conclude that while the local culture affects both students and teachers – and teachers must respond to this at the practical and theoretical levels – teachers must, at the same time, avoid overgeneralizing about cultural and religious factors and understand that each and every classroom exhibits a unique dynamic between a g iven set of individual students and their teacher and that, in fact, in many cases a universal education culture exists in all EFL classrooms regardless of social and cultural geography and context. The cultural context underpinning effective language teaching and learning In the past decade the concepts of context and culture have become increasingly more important in the literature on language teaching (Byram and Grundy, 2003). This is due to the increased acknowledgement of the significance of socio-political factors in teaching and learning and of the perception of learners as social beings who respond to learning a new language with â€Å"feelings and identities† (p. 1). In language teaching, cultural context is â€Å"usually defined as a/the culture associated with a language being learnt† (p. 1). As far as the English language is concerned, English has been taught in the KSA ever since the Kingdom was established, in 1932 (Al-Seghayer, 2005). The explosion of economic activity within the oil industry resulted in rapid development of English language programs in the 1970s, so that Saudis could successfully communicate in English with imported manpower and outside interests. Today, English is used as the major medium of instruction in universities where science, medicine, engineering and technology subjects are taught. English instruction begins in elementary school and is centralized and controlled by the Ministry of Education. Despite the ever-increasing importance of English in Saudi Arabia â€Å"as an essential vehicle for personal and national growth,† (Al-Seghayer, 2005, pp129), the system still fails to produce a satisfactory level of English language proficiency in Saudi learners. This seems to be an incongruous result, considering that the socio-cultural motivations for learning English are quite significant. Al Haq and Smadi (1996) find that a good knowledge of English rewards with social prestige and is considered to be a kind of duty to help Saudi Arabia advance economically, culturally and religiously at both the Islamic and international levels. With English being the lingua franca, in so far as technology and the sciences are concerned, Saudi citizens see English as a vital tool in advancing in this modern world. But this might be part of the problem. The English language – as the bearer of the goods of technology and science – necessarily comes with Western culture. Languages are expressions of national, historical and cultural identities. Languages are also â€Å"ideological because they are associated with aspirations of unity, loyalty and patriotism,† and â€Å"social because they are perceived as symbols of status, power, group identity, and belonging,† (Wesche, 2004, p. 279). As such, there is a fear in the KSA that the â€Å"use of English entails Westernization, detachment to the country, and a source of corruption to [] religious commitment.† (Al Haq and Samdi, 1996, p. 308). The sociolinguistic features of the English language – the grammar, phonetics and vocabulary – necessarily impact socio-affectively on the society of EFL learners (Khuwaileh, 2000, p. 287) wherever they might be situated in the world. In the case of Saudi Arabia, English language instruction often relies on Western cultural content that conflicts with Islamic culture and ideals. For example, Traynham (2006) explains how many EFL textbooks contain vocabulary – dating, alcohol, music, dance – that is offensive to Saudi students and to the Islamic faith. Khuwaileh (2000) also found similar sociolinguistic obstacles and cultural barriers when learners in an English for Science and Technology class refused to write on topics that included â€Å"taboo vocabulary† such as, AIDS, sexual diseases and contraception (p. 286), because for one student, at least, â€Å"religion,† â€Å"honor† and â€Å"politeness† were more important than gaining the certificate in English. Khuwaileh concluded that, unless modified, â€Å"course material rich in taboo content can significantly hinder the learning process.† (p. 287) Moreover, in a study of EFL textbooks – largely those written by non-Saudis and non-Muslims – used to teach freshman English in Saudi Arabia, Alhaidari (2003) found that they contained images and vocabulary â€Å"that clashed directly with Islamic and Saudi cultures.† These issues might seem easily solved, if common sense prevails even before theoretical and pragmatic considerations are examined. Offensive material should be avoided by designing unique material adapted to the socio-cultural reality of the student group. Even so, the pervasive presence of the textbook as the â€Å"dominant tool in teaching† holds a â€Å"powerful influence† over both cognitive and affective factors in individual students (Alhaidari, 2003, p. 3). Cultural revulsion towards a given text might impact on a students attitude to authority (in this case, the English language and English teacher) and on a students attitude to how important a text might be. A negative response, which is likely to be expected, will surely result in â€Å"learning difficulties, probably lost teaching objectives and, consequently, useless curricula.† (Khuwaileh, 2000, p. 287). Cultural issues in Saudi Arabia affecting effective language learning strategies For all of these reasons, awareness of cultural issues is not only beneficial, but a necessity, and Kniffka (1992) stresses that EFL instructors need to increase their level of expertise in cultural awareness and teaching language within a cultural context. Cultural awareness begins with the understanding that culture is a concept that concerns the role of the individual in the â€Å"unending kaleidoscope of life situations of every kind and the rules or models for attitudes and conduct in them† Oxford (1996, p ix). Context includes the beliefs, perceptions and assumptions that directly influence two things: language learning styles (the general approaches that guide learning) and language learning strategies (the specific steps or techniques used by learners). Of the six types of learning strategies – cognitive, metacognitive, memory, compensatory, affective and social – outlined by Oxford (2003, pp. 12-15), studies (introduced below) find that Arabic students tend to use cognitive and metacognitive strategies with greater frequency, and socio-affective strategies with lesser frequency, though students also exhibit an optimistic flexibility toward using a wide range of learning strategies. Abu-Ghararah (1996) found that â€Å"a wide variety of learning strategies were used† even while the majority of the EFL students surveyed in three public schools in Madinah â€Å"tended to use more cognitive strategies [more] than socio-affective strategies [] in acquiring English as a foreign language† (p. 6). Abdan and Almuarik (1992) also found that students exhibited a preference for multiple learning styles. In fact, gender and subject major, in their study, made no difference at all to their preferences. Riazi and Rahimi (2005) similarly found that while their Iranian student subjects used metacognitive strategies â€Å"at a high frequency,† overall they were â€Å" medium strategy users.† This can be extended to Saudi Arabia, because both Arab countries have a â€Å"similar history, culture and language† (p. 282). These studies show that students regularly â€Å"combine all the learning orientations.† Riazi and Rahimi (2005, p. 110) suggest that this openness and flexibility results from a â€Å"specific philosophy of life† where â€Å"a human being can only be perfect, when he studies all of the sciences and arts.† Reasons pointing to more frequent use of cognitive and metacognitive strategies might be that these strategies offer students direct ways to control learning and are strategies that can be employed in private study, rather than in group situations, which seem to be less preferred. Another factor suggested was that these students might not have much exposure to English in social situations so as to â€Å"pick up† the target language â€Å"unconsciously.† Reasons pointing to the minimal use of other strategies might be, apart from cultural background, â€Å"improper teaching,† and again lack of exposure to English in a native environment with native speakers. For Riazi and Rahimi, at least, it is up to the English instructors to introduce other strategies by discussing them with their students and providing appropriate opportunities to develop and use those â€Å"neglected strategies† (p. 123). To this end, Zaid (1996) evaluated the methodological preferences of teachers in an English department at a major KSA university and found that the overall preference was for a communicative style of teaching. This is interesting when considered against the findings of Riazi and Rahimi (2005, p. 103) where social learning strategies were the least frequently used strategies of EFL students. In fact, Khuwaileh (2005, p. 282) also concluded that social strategies, such as group work and openly expressing opinions in the classroom are â€Å"culturally bound practices which seem to hinder English language learning.† Zaid (1996) warns against teachers developing â€Å"personalized theories† of teaching when it might result in a â₠¬Å"methodological gap† between what they are doing in the classroom and what program administrators – working within the socio-cultural framework of the KSA – expect. Personalized teaching might also result in a preferential gap between how the teacher prefers to teach and how the students prefer to learn. Good practice then is clearly a collaboration between program administration, teacher preference, and the expectations of students as a group and as individuals. â€Å"Individual† is stressed here because, as Oxford (2003, p. 16) emphasizes, a teacher needs â€Å"adequate knowledge about their individual students style preferences† in order to provide the most effective classroom instruction. The literature examined in this essay, while clearly suggesting learning trends and preferences based on cultural background, also suggest an openness and flexibility in the learning strategy preferences of Saudi, and other Arab, students. In fact, the impact of culture is often found to be influenced by other factors, such as individual personality traits (Oxford, 2003), gender, as well as motivation (Kaylani, 1996, p75). Individual learners who are more motivated – regardless of cultural background – will use a wider range of learning strategies thus ensuring greate r success in their learning (Oxford, 1996a, p118). This may further imply that students may successfully adjust preference and expectation if a teacher introduces new activities â€Å"on trial† (Tomlinson, 2005), in the first instance, and only incorporate lesser used strategies should students find them useful and enjoyable. In fact, Tomlinson (2005) suggests that while learners may well have expectations based on cultural norms and experiences, the level of innovation introduced by any given individual teacher into the EFL classroom may have the effect of creating a new and unique to the classroom â€Å"temporary culture.† Tomlinson finds that even in significantly different cultural contexts, â€Å"educational cultures seem to be remarkably similar† (p. 139), what he refers to as a â€Å"universal† education culture. He calls it a Tomlinson seeks to stress the â€Å"teachers attitude† in response to the perceived cultural context in which they work and warns against the â€Å"dangers of cultural overgeneralization.† He concludes that teachers should remember that in a classroom teachers teach to a â€Å"class of diverging individuals rather than to a convergent group of cultural stereotypes.† Conclusion In conclusion then, the sociocultural and religious context in the KSA clearly influences teaching and learning. Teachers should not only be aware of the cultural context in which they teach and but this context should directly inform their choices of method and materials. However, teachers should avoid, on the one hand, making methodological choices based on overgeneralizations and preconceived ideas about how cultural issues influence their students, and on the other hand, should also avoid personalizing their methodology to suit their preferences and ideology. Methods and strategies employed in EFL instruction should always be negotiated anew between the teacher and the group of individual students. And all of this, of course, within the general framework of the sociocultural and religious dynamic prevalent in the KSA. References Abdan, A.A., and Almuarik, S.A., 1992. The Learning Style Preference of Saudi EFL University Students. In Journal of King Saud University. Educational Sciences Islamic Studies. [online] Vol. 4, No. 1, Abstract from King Saud University Journal Digital Library, Available from: http://digital.library.ksu.edu.sa/paper2214.html. [Accessed 15 November 2008]. Abu-Ghararah, A.H., 1996. The Learning Strategy Uses of EFL Students. [online] In Educational Journal, Faculty of Education, Kuwait University. Vol. 10, No, 38, pp. 15-32, Available from: http://abughararah.com/App_content/File/Researches/07.pdf  [Accessed 16 November 2008]. Alhaidari, A.O., 2003. The Compatibility of Freshman EFL Textbooks Used by Saudi Universities with Islamic Culture. [online] In Journal of King Saud University. Educational Sciences Islamic Studies. Vol. 15, No 2, pp1-41, Available from: http://wwww.ksu.edu.sa/printpress/researches/V28M206R2970.pdf, King Saud University Journal Digital Library.  [Accessed 17 November 2008]. Al Haq, F.A., and Smadi, O., 1996. Spread of English and Westernization in Saudi Arabia. In World Englishes, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp 307-317. Al-Seghayer, K., 2005. Teaching English in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Slowly but Steadily Changing. In G Braine, ed. Teaching English to the World: History, Curriculum, and Practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p 125-191. Byram, M., and Grundy, P., eds., 2003. Context and Culture in Language Teaching and Learning. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Kaylani, C., 1996. The Influence of Gender and Motivation on EFL Learning Strategy Use in Jordan, p 75-88. In Oxford, R.L., ed., 1996. Language and Learning Strategies Around the World: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. : University of Hawaii Press. Khuwaileh, A.A., 2000. Cultural Barriers of Language Teaching: A Case Study of  Classroom Cultural Obstacles. In Computer Assisted Language Learning, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 281–290. Kniffka, H., 1992. Cultural Identity, Life Cycles and Intercultural Communication: Teaching  German to Adults in Saudi Arabia. In Language Teaching Journal, Vol. 2, pp. 75–80. Marcinkiewicz, H.R., 1995. Educational Technology Transcends the Saudi Desert and Cultural Mores. [online] In TechTrends, Vol. 40, No. 2. Preview available from http://www.springerlink.com/content/m415w713355677h4/fulltext.pdf?page=1, Springer Boston  [Accessed: 16 November 2008]. Oxford, R.L., 2003. Language Learning Styles and Strategies: An Overview. In Learning Styles Strategies: Oxford, GALA. Oxford, R.L., 1990. Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. New York: Newbury House. Oxford, R.L., 1996. Language Learning Motivation. Manoa: University of Hawaii Press. Oxford, R.L., ed., 1996a. Language and Learning Strategies Around the World: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Manoa: University of Hawaii Press. Riazi, A., and Rahimi, M., 2005. Iranian EFL Learners’ Pattern of Language Learning Strategy Use. In The Journal of Asia TEFL, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 103-129. Tomlinson, B., 2005. English as a Foreign Language: Matching Procedures to the Context of Learning. In Hinkel, E., ed., Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 137-154. Traynham, M.S., 2006. Challenges for EFL Students and Teachers in Saudi Arabia [online] TESOL Courses.  Available from: http://www.tesolonline.com/articles/complete_articles.php?index=177category=59  [Accessed: 15 November 2008]. Wesche, M., 2004. Teaching Languages and Cultures in a Post-9/11 World. [online] In The Modern Language Journal, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 278-285.  Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3588759, Blackwell Publishing.  [Accessed: 16 November 2008]. Zaid, M., 1996. Ascertaining the Pedagogical Preferences of EFL Teaches in Saudi Arabia. In Journal of King Saud University. Educational Sciences Islamic Studies. [online] Vol. 8, No. 2. pp. 1-20. 20. Available from http://digital.library.ksu.edu.sa/V8M317R2260.pdf Abstract from King Saud University Journal Digital Library.  [Accessed 15 November 2008]. 9/ 9